CR 2 (Chapter 9 – Test 3)

Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:

Passage 1 is adapted from John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, originally published in 1690. Passage 2 is adapted from Alexander Hamilton, “A Full Vindication of the Measures of the Congress.” Originally published in 1774, it was a key document in building support for the American Revolution.

Passage 1

To understand political power aright, and derive it from its original, we must consider what estate all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of Nature, without asking leave or depending upon the will of any other man.

A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal , no one having more than another, there being nothing more evident than that creatures of the same species and rank, promiscuously born to all the same advantages of Nature, and the use of the same faculties, should also be equal one amongst another, without subordination or subjection …

(1) But though this be a state of liberty, yet it is not a state of license; though man in that state have an uncontrollable liberty to dispose of his person or possessions, yet he has not liberty to destroy himself, or so much as any creature in his possession, but where some nobler use than its bare preservation calls for it. (2) The state of Nature has a law of Nature to govern it, which obliges everyone, and reason, which is that law , teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions … (3) And, being furnished with like faculties, sharing all in one community of Nature, there cannot be supposed any such subordination among us that may authorize us to destroy one another, as if we were made for one another’s uses, as the inferior ranks of creatures are for ours.

Passage 2

(1) That Americans are entitled to freedom, is incontrovertible upon every rational principle. (2) All men have one common original: they participate in one common nature, and consequently have one common right. (3) No reason can be assigned why one man should exercise any power, or preeminence over his fellow creatures more than another; unless they have voluntarily veiled him with it. (4) Since then, Americans have not by any act of theirs empowered the British Parliament to make laws for them, it follows they can have no just authority to do it.

(1) Besides the clear voice of natural justice in this respect, the fundamental principles of the English constitution are in our favor. (2)  It has been repeatedly demonstrated, that the idea of legislation, or taxation, when the subject is not represented, is inconsistent with that. (3) Nor is this all, our charters, the express conditions on which our progenitors relinquished their native countries, and came to settle in this, preclude every claim of ruling and taxing us without our assent.

Every subterfuge that sophistry has been able to invent, to evade or obscure this truth, has been refuted by the most conclusive reasonings; so that we may pronounce it a matter of undeniable certainty, that the pretensions of Parliament are contradictory to the law of nature, subversive of the British constitution, and destructive of the faith of the most solemn compacts.

(1) What then is the subject of our controversy with the mother country? (2) It is this, whether we shall preserve that security to our lives and properties, which the law of nature, the genius of the British constitution, and our charters afford us or whether we shall resign them into the hands of the British House of Commons, which is no more privileged to dispose of them than the Grand Mogul? What can actuate those men, who labor to delude any of us into an opinion, that the object of contention between the parents and the colonies is only three pence duty upon tea? or that the commotions in America originate in a plan, formed by some turbulent men to erect it into a republican government? The parliament claims a right to tax us in all cases whatsoever; its late laws are in virtue of that claim. How ridiculous then is it to affirm, that we are quarrelling for the trifling Aim of three pence a pound on tea; when it is evidently the principle against which we contend.

1.Which choice best describes the relationship between the two passages?

2. Both passages make the point that

3. The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the statement in paragraph 3 sentence 2 of Passage 1 (“The state … possessions”) with

4. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question in Passage 2?

5. In Passage 2, the word “labor” most nearly means

Questions 6-15 are based on the following passage:

The following passage gives a critical overview of the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, one of America’s most famous architects. It has been adapted from “Frank Lloyd Wright—Twenty Years After His Death,” published in The New York Times, April 15, 1979.

(1) It is 30 years since Frank Lloyd Wright died at 91, and it is no exaggeration to say that the United States has had no architect even roughly comparable to him since. His extraordinary 72-year career spanned the shingled Hillside Home School in Wisconsin in 1887 to the Guggenheim Museum built in New York in 1959.

(2) (1) His great early work, the prairie houses of the Midwest in which he developed his style of open, flawing spaces and great horizontal planes, and integrated structure of wood, stone, glass, and stucco, were mostly built before 1910. (2) Philip Johnson once insulted Wright by calling him “America’s greatest nineteenth-century architect.” (3) But Mr. Johnson was then a partisan of the sleek, austere International Style that Wright abhorred. (4) Now, the International Style is in disarray, and what is significant here is that Wright’s reputation has not suffered much at all in the current antimodernist upheaval.

(3) (1) One of the reasons that Wright’s reputation has not suffered too severely in the current turmoil in architectural thinking is that he spoke a tremendous amount of common sense. (2) He was full of ideas that seemed daring, almost absurd, but which now in retrospect were clearly right. (3) Back in the a 1920s, for example, he alone among architects and planners perceived the great effect the automobile would have on the American landscape. (4) He foresaw “the great highway becoming, and rapidly, the horizontal line of a new freedom extending from ocean to ocean,” as he wrote in his autobiography of 1932. (5) Wright wrote approvingly of the trend toward decentralization, which hardly endears him to today’s center-city-minded planners—but if his calls toward suburban planning had been realized, the chaotic sprawl of the American landscape might today have some rational order to it.

(4) (1) Wright was obsessed with the problem of the affordable house for the middle-class American. It may be that no other prominent architect has ever designed as many prototypes of inexpensive houses that could be massproduced; unlike most current high stylists, who ignore the boredom of suburban tract houses and design expensive custom residences in the hope of establishing a distance between themselves and mass culture, Wright tried hard to close the gap between the architectural profession and the general public.

(5) (1) In his modest houses or his grand ones, Wright emphasized appropriate materials, which might well be considered to prefigure both the growing preoccupation today with energy-saving design and the surge of interest in regional architecture. (2) Wright, unlike the architects of the International Style, would not build the same house in Massachusetts that he would build in California; he was concerned about local traditions, regional climates, and so forth. (3) It is perhaps no accident that at Taliesin, Wright’s Scottsdale, Ariz., home and studio, which continues to function, many of the younger architects have begun doing solar designs, a logical step from Wright’s work.

6. The main purpose of the passage is to

7. In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following objections to a point made in the passage about Wright’s career?

8. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?

9. Philip Johnson’s quotation about Wright (paragraph 2 sentence 2) was an insult because

10. As used in paragraph 2, “partisan” most nearly means

Questions 6-15 are based on the following passage:

The following passage gives a critical overview of the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, one of America’s most famous architects. It has been adapted from “Frank Lloyd Wright—Twenty Years After His Death,” published in The New York Times, April 15, 1979.

(1) It is 30 years since Frank Lloyd Wright died at 91, and it is no exaggeration to say that the United States has had no architect even roughly comparable to him since. His extraordinary 72-year career spanned the shingled Hillside Home School in Wisconsin in 1887 to the Guggenheim Museum built in New York in 1959.

(2) (1) His great early work, the prairie houses of the Midwest in which he developed his style of open, flawing spaces and great horizontal planes, and integrated structure of wood, stone, glass, and stucco, were mostly built before 1910. (2) Philip Johnson once insulted Wright by calling him “America’s greatest nineteenth-century architect.” (3) But Mr. Johnson was then a partisan of the sleek, austere International Style that Wright abhorred. (4) Now, the International Style is in disarray, and what is significant here is that Wright’s reputation has not suffered much at all in the current antimodernist upheaval.

(3) (1) One of the reasons that Wright’s reputation has not suffered too severely in the current turmoil in architectural thinking is that he spoke a tremendous amount of common sense. (2) He was full of ideas that seemed daring, almost absurd, but which now in retrospect were clearly right. (3) Back in the a 1920s, for example, he alone among architects and planners perceived the great effect the automobile would have on the American landscape. (4) He foresaw “the great highway becoming, and rapidly, the horizontal line of a new freedom extending from ocean to ocean,” as he wrote in his autobiography of 1932. (5) Wright wrote approvingly of the trend toward decentralization, which hardly endears him to today’s center-city-minded planners—but if his calls toward suburban planning had been realized, the chaotic sprawl of the American landscape might today have some rational order to it.

(4) (1) Wright was obsessed with the problem of the affordable house for the middle-class American. It may be that no other prominent architect has ever designed as many prototypes of inexpensive houses that could be massproduced; unlike most current high stylists, who ignore the boredom of suburban tract houses and design expensive custom residences in the hope of establishing a distance between themselves and mass culture, Wright tried hard to close the gap between the architectural profession and the general public.

(5) (1) In his modest houses or his grand ones, Wright emphasized appropriate materials, which might well be considered to prefigure both the growing preoccupation today with energy-saving design and the surge of interest in regional architecture. (2) Wright, unlike the architects of the International Style, would not build the same house in Massachusetts that he would build in California; he was concerned about local traditions, regional climates, and so forth. (3) It is perhaps no accident that at Taliesin, Wright’s Scottsdale, Ariz., home and studio, which continues to function, many of the younger architects have begun doing solar designs, a logical step from Wright’s work.

11. The main purpose of the third paragraph is to

12. The author includes the reference to “high stylists” (paragraph 4) primarily in order to

13. It can be inferred that the architects of the International Style would

14. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?

15. It can be inferred from the passage that “appropriate materials” (paragraph 5) are materials that

Questions 16-25 are based on the following passage:

In the following adapted excerpt from Anne Tyler’s “Dinner at the Homesick  Restaurant,” Pearl, an elderly woman, Is speaking to her son.

(1) Pearl opened her eyes when Ezra turned a page of his magazine. “Ezra,” she said. She felt him grow still. He had this habit—he had always had it—of becoming totally motionless when people spoke to him. It was endearing but also in some ways a strain, for then whatever she said to him (“I feel a draft,” or “the paper boy is late again”) was bound to disappoint him, wasn’t it? How could she live up to Ezra’s expectations? She plucked at her quilt. “If I could just have some water,” she told him.

(2) He poured it from the pitcher on the bureau. She heard no ice cubes clinking; they must have melted. Yet it seemed just minutes ago that he’d brought in a whole new supply. He raised her head, rested it on his shoulder, and tipped the glass to her bps. Yes, lukewarm—not that she minded. She drank gratefully, keeping her eyes closed. His shoulder felt steady and comforting. He laid her back down on the pillow.

(3) “Dr. Vincent’s coming at ten,” he told her.

(4) “What time is it now?”

(5) “Eight-thirty.”

(6) “Eight-thirty in the morning?”

(7) “Yes.”

(8) “Have you been here all night?” she asked.

(9) “I slept a little.”

(10) “Sleep now. I won’t be needing you.”

(11) “Well, maybe after the doctor comes.”

(12) (1) It was important to Pearl that she deceive the doctor. (2) She didn’t want to go to the hospital. (3) Her illness was pneumonia, she was almost certain; she guessed it from a past experience. (4) She recognized the way it settled into her back. (5) If Dr. Vincent found out he would take her out of her own bed, her own house, and send her off to Union Memorial, tent her over with plastic. (6) “Maybe you should cancel the doctor altogether,” she told Ezra. (7) “I’m very much improved, I believe.”

(13) “Let him decide that.”

(14) “Well, I know how my own self feels, Ezra.”

(15) “We won’t argue about it just now,” he said.

(16) He could surprise you, Ezra could. He’d let a person walk all over him but then display, at odd moments, a deep and rock-hard stubbornness. She sighed and smoothed her quilt. Wasn’t it supposed to be the daughter who came and nursed you? She knew she should send him away so but she couldn’t make herself do it. “I guess you want to get back to that restaurant,” she told him.

(17) “No, no.”

(18) “You’re like a mother hen about that place,” she said. She sniffed. Then she said, “Ezra, do you smell smoke?”

(19) “Why do you ask?” he said (cautious as ever).

(20) “I dreamed the house burned down.”

(21) “It didn’t really.”

(22) “Ah.”

(23) She waited, holding herself in. Her muscles were so tense, she ached all over. Finally she said, “Ezra?”

(24) “Yes, Mother?”

(25) “Maybe you could just check.”

(26) “Check what?”

(27) “The house, of course. Check if it’s on fire.”

16. Which choice best summarizes the passage?

17. Pearl’s attitude toward Ezra can best be described as

18. The action described in the passage takes place

19. As used in paragraph 1, “strain” is closest in meaning to

20. In the second paragraph, the issue of ice cubes is important to Pearl primarily because

Questions 16-25 are based on the following passage:

In the following adapted excerpt from Anne Tyler’s “Dinner at the Homesick  Restaurant,” Pearl, an elderly woman, Is speaking to her son.

(1) Pearl opened her eyes when Ezra turned a page of his magazine. “Ezra,” she said. She felt him grow still. He had this habit—he had always had it—of becoming totally motionless when people spoke to him. It was endearing but also in some ways a strain, for then whatever she said to him (“I feel a draft,” or “the paper boy is late again”) was bound to disappoint him, wasn’t it? How could she live up to Ezra’s expectations? She plucked at her quilt. “If I could just have some water,” she told him.

(2) He poured it from the pitcher on the bureau. She heard no ice cubes clinking; they must have melted. Yet it seemed just minutes ago that he’d brought in a whole new supply. He raised her head, rested it on his shoulder, and tipped the glass to her bps. Yes, lukewarm—not that she minded. She drank gratefully, keeping her eyes closed. His shoulder felt steady and comforting. He laid her back down on the pillow.

(3) “Dr. Vincent’s coming at ten,” he told her.

(4) “What time is it now?”

(5) “Eight-thirty.”

(6) “Eight-thirty in the morning?”

(7) “Yes.”

(8) “Have you been here all night?” she asked.

(9) “I slept a little.”

(10) “Sleep now. I won’t be needing you.”

(11) “Well, maybe after the doctor comes.”

(12) (1) It was important to Pearl that she deceive the doctor. (2) She didn’t want to go to the hospital. (3) Her illness was pneumonia, she was almost certain; she guessed it from a past experience. (4) She recognized the way it settled into her back. (5) If Dr. Vincent found out he would take her out of her own bed, her own house, and send her off to Union Memorial, tent her over with plastic. (6) “Maybe you should cancel the doctor altogether,” she told Ezra. (7) “I’m very much improved, I believe.”

(13) “Let him decide that.”

(14) “Well, I know how my own self feels, Ezra.”

(15) “We won’t argue about it just now,” he said.

(16) He could surprise you, Ezra could. He’d let a person walk all over him but then display, at odd moments, a deep and rock-hard stubbornness. She sighed and smoothed her quilt. Wasn’t it supposed to be the daughter who came and nursed you? She knew she should send him away so but she couldn’t make herself do it. “I guess you want to get back to that restaurant,” she told him.

(17) “No, no.”

(18) “You’re like a mother hen about that place,” she said. She sniffed. Then she said, “Ezra, do you smell smoke?”

(19) “Why do you ask?” he said (cautious as ever).

(20) “I dreamed the house burned down.”

(21) “It didn’t really.”

(22) “Ah.”

(23) She waited, holding herself in. Her muscles were so tense, she ached all over. Finally she said, “Ezra?”

(24) “Yes, Mother?”

(25) “Maybe you could just check.”

(26) “Check what?”

(27) “The house, of course. Check if it’s on fire.”

21. It can be inferred from the passage that it is “important to Pearl that she deceive the doctor” (paragraph 12 sentence 1) because

22. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?

23. The statement, “He could surprise you, Ezra could” serves primarily to

24. The references to the quilt in paragraph 1 and 16 primarily serve to

25. The parenthetical observation “cautious as ever” in paragraph 19 functions in the context of the passage to

Questions 26-30 are based on the following passage:

The following is an excerpt from “The Purloined Letter,” a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. Poe is best known for writing poems and stories in the horror and mystery genre. However, he is also considered the inventor of detective fiction. The Mystery Writers of America call their awards for excellence in the genre “Edgars,” in honor of Poe.

The Purloined Letter

(1) … “Well, then; I have received personal information, from a very high quarter, that a certain document of the last importance, has been purloined from the royal apartments. The individual who purloined it is known; this beyond a doubt; he was seen to take it. It is known, also, that it still remains in his possession.”

(2) “How is this known?” asked Dupin.

(3) “It is clearly inferred,” replied the Prefect, “from the nature of the document, and from the non-appearance of certain results which would at once arise from its passing out of the robber’s possession; that is to say, from his employing it as he must design in the end to employ it.”

(4) “Be a little more explicit,” I said.

(5) “Well, I may venture so far as to say that the paper gives its holder a certain power in a certain quarter where such power is immensely valuable.” The Prefect was fond of the cant of diplomacy.

(6) “Still I do not quite understand,” said Dupin.

(7) “No? Well; the disclosure of the document to a third person, who shall be nameless, would bring in question the honor of a personage of most exalted station; and this fact gives the holder of the document an ascendancy over the illustrious personage whose honor and peace are so jeopardized.”

(8) “But this ascendancy,” I interposed, “would depend upon the robber’s knowledge of the

loser’s knowledge of the robber. Who would dare—”

(9) “The thief,” said G., “is the Minister D—, who dares all things, those unbecoming as well as those becoming a man. The method of the theft was not less ingenious than bold. The document in question—a letter, to be frank—had been received by the personage robbed while alone in the royal boudoir. During its perusal she was suddenly interrupted by the entrance of the other exalted personage from whom especially it was her wish to conceal it. After a hurried and vain endeavor to thrust it in a drawer, she was forced to place it, open as it was, upon a table. The address, however, was uppermost, and, the contents thus unexposed, the letter escaped notice. At this juncture enters the Minister D—. His lynx eye immediately perceives the paper, recognises the handwriting of the address, observes the confusion of the personage addressed, and fathoms her secret. After some business transactions, hurried through in his ordinary manner, he produces a letter somewhat similar to the one in question, opens it, pretends to read it, and then places it in close juxtaposition to the other. Again he converses, for some fifteen minutes, upon the public affairs. At length, in taking leave, he takes also from the table the letter to which he had no claim. Its rightful owner saw, but, of course, dared not call attention to the act, in the presence of the third personage who stood at her elbow. The minister decamped; leaving his own letter—one of no importance—upon the table.” …

(10) “You looked among D—’s papers, of course, and into the books of the library?”

(11) “Certainly; we opened every package and parcel; we not only opened every book, but we turned over every leaf in each volume, not contenting ourselves with a mere shake, according to the fashion of some of our police officers. We also measured the thickness of every bookcover, with the most accurate ad measurement, and applied to each the most jealous scrutiny of the microscope. Had any of the bindings been recently meddled with, it would have been utterly impossible that the fact should have escaped observation. Some five or six volumes, just from the hands of the binder, we carefully probed, longitudinally, with the needles.”

(12) “You explored the floors beneath the carpets?”

(13) “Beyond doubt. We removed every carpet, and examined the boards with the microscope.”

(14) “And the paper on the walls?”

(15) “Yes.”

(16) “You looked into the cellars?”

(17) “We did.”

(18) “Then,” I said, “you have been making a miscalculation, and the letter is not upon the

premises, as you suppose.”

(19) “I fear you are right there,” said the Prefect. “And now, Dupin, what would you advise me to do?”

(20) “To make a thorough re-search of the premises.”

(21) “That is absolutely needless,” replied G—. “I am not more sure that I breathe than I am

that the letter is not at the Hotel.”

26. Which of the following best describes the mystery to be solved in “The Purloined Letter”?

27. Who is being blackmailed, and by whom?

28. What is the most likely reason that Dupin asks the Prefect (G) to describe the search in such detail?

29. As used in paragraph 5, “cant” most nearly means

30. Which of the following is a line that could be in the letter?

Questions 31-35 are based on the following passage:

This passage is the introduction to a report from the Office of the Chief Technologist at the U.S. space agency NASA, entitled Emerging Space: The Evolving Landscape of the 21st Century American Spaceflight (http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Emerging_Space_Report.pdf).

(1) America stands today at the opening of a second Space Age. Innovative NASA programs and American entrepreneurs together are transforming the space industry. These initiatives— both at NASA and in the private sector—are expanding the nation’s opportunities for exploration and for the economic development of the solar system.

(2) Today’s space economy extends some 36,000 kilometers (22,369 miles) from the surface of the Earth and includes an array of evidence-based technologies—satellite communications, global positioning satellites, and imaging satellites—on which our economy depends. These technologies are now an integral part of our economy, and they would not exist if not for the over 50 years of research, development, and investment in the enabling technologies by NASA and other government agencies that seeded these efforts and allowed them to bloom. As we expand our activities in the solar system over the next decades, NASA programs and investments will provide the seed and soil that encourage economic development increasingly farther from Earth. The first signs of this are already visible.

(3) The next era of space exploration will see governments pushing technological development and the American private sector using these technologies as they expand their economic activities to new worlds. NASA’s next objectives for exploration—visits to asteroids and Mars— are more complex than any previous space mission attempted. They will happen in the context of relatively smaller NASA budgets and an expanding commercial space economy. Teaming with private-sector partners to develop keystone markets like low Earth orbit (LEO) transportation and technological capabilities like asteroid mining will help NASA achieve its mission goals, help the space economy evolve to embrace new ambitions, and provide large economic returns to the taxpayer through the stimulation and growth of new businesses and 21st-century American jobs.

(4) Motivated by an intrinsic desire to explore space, successful American entrepreneurs have pledged and spent hundreds of millions of dollars to develop technologies aimed at fundamentally improving space access. Since 2003, commercial human spaceflight has received $2.5 billion in private investment.1 At the same time, a new generation of space enthusiasts are engaging directly though small-scale projects. Through cubesats, suborbital and orbital adventures, and citizen science opportunities, the United States is transitioning from a spacefaring nation to a nation of spacefarers.

(5) In addition to executing its scientific and human spaceflight programs, NASA also has a legislated responsibility to “encourage, to the maximum extent possible, the fullest commercial use of space.” As part of fulfilling this responsibility, this report examines how NASA has collaborated with American private-sector individuals and companies investing in space exploration, collectively known as “emerging space.” Today, more than fifty years after the creation of NASA, our goal is no longer just to reach a destination. Our goal is to develop the capabilities that will allow the American people to explore and expand our economic sphere into the solar system. Although when NASA was founded only a government program could undertake a voyage from the Earth to the Moon, this may not be true in the future. By taking full advantage of the combined talents of government and the American private sector, our next journeys beyond Earth will come sooner and we will catalyze new industries and economic growth in the process.

¹2013 Commercial Spaceflight Industry Indicators, Commercial Spaceflight Federation

NASA provides a number of resources for people willing to contribute as citizen scientists. All are available online, meaning all you need is access to the Internet. Software tools are also provided. More than 1.2 million people from 80 countries have participated in NASA’s citizen science projects. This table captures just a few of the projects.

31. How did the government investment in space boost the economy?

32. How will the next era of space exploration be different from the past?

33. What is meant by: “the United States is transitioning from a spacefaring nation to a nation of spacefarers.” (paragraph 4)?

34. What is the most likely reason that the “Be a Martian” project has so many more participants than the other projects?

35. What skills are needed to participate in the NASA projects as a citizen-scientist?